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- Introduction....................................................... ii
- Organization of the Standard.................................... ii
- Base Documents.................................................. ii
- Related Standards Activities.................................... ii
- Section 1: General................................................. 1
- 1.1 Scope..................................................... 1
- 1.2 Normative References...................................... 13
- 1.3 Conformance............................................... 14
- Section 2: Terminology and General Requirements.................... 21
- 2.1 Conventions............................................... 21
- 2.2 Definitions............................................... 26
- 2.3 Built-in Utilities........................................ 58
- 2.4 Character Set............................................. 61
- 2.5 Locale.................................................... 69
- 2.6 Environment Variables..................................... 119
- 2.7 Required Files............................................ 126
- 2.8 Regular Expression Notation............................... 128
- 2.9 Dependencies on Other Standards........................... 161
- 2.10 Utility Conventions....................................... 172
- 2.11 Utility Description Defaults.............................. 182
- 2.12 File Format Notation...................................... 198
- 2.13 Configuration Values...................................... 204
- Section 3: Shell Command Language.................................. 215
- 3.1 Shell Definitions......................................... 217
- 3.2 Quoting................................................... 220
- 3.3 Token Recognition......................................... 224
- 3.4 Reserved Words............................................ 226
- 3.5 Parameters and Variables.................................. 228
- 3.6 Word Expansions........................................... 233
- 3.7 Redirection............................................... 249
- 3.8 Exit Status and Errors.................................... 255
- 3.9 Shell Commands............................................ 258
- 3.10 Shell Grammar............................................. 279
- 3.11 Signals and Error Handling................................ 288
- 3.12 Shell Execution Environment............................... 289
- 3.13 Pattern Matching Notation................................. 291
- 3.14 Special Built-in Utilities................................ 295
- Section 4: Execution Environment Utilities......................... 317
- 4.1 awk - Pattern scanning and processing language............ 317
- 4.2 basename - Return nondirectory portion of pathname........ 358
- 4.3 bc - Arbitrary-precision arithmetic language.............. 362
- 4.4 cat - Concatenate and print files......................... 383
- 4.5 cd - Change working directory............................. 388
- 4.6 chgrp - Change file group ownership....................... 392
- 4.7 chmod - Change file modes................................. 395
- 4.8 chown - Change file ownership............................. 405
- 4.9 cksum - Write file checksums and sizes.................... 409
- 4.10 cmp - Compare two files................................... 416
- 4.11 comm - Select or reject lines common to two files......... 420
- 4.12 command - Execute a simple command........................ 424
- 4.13 cp - Copy files........................................... 430
- 4.14 cut - Cut out selected fields of each line of a file...... 440
- 4.15 date - Write the date and time............................ 445
- 4.16 dd - Convert and copy a file.............................. 452
- 4.17 diff - Compare two files.................................. 462
- 4.18 dirname - Return directory portion of pathname............ 471
- 4.19 echo - Write arguments to standard output................. 475
- 4.20 ed - Edit text............................................ 479
- 4.21 env - Set environment for command invocation.............. 498
- 4.22 expr - Evaluate arguments as an expression................ 503
- 4.23 false - Return false value................................ 509
- 4.24 find - Find files......................................... 511
- 4.25 fold - Fold lines......................................... 521
- 4.26 getconf - Get configuration values........................ 526
- 4.27 getopts - Parse utility options........................... 531
- 4.28 grep - File pattern searcher.............................. 537
- 4.29 head - Copy the first part of files....................... 545
- 4.30 id - Return user identity................................. 549
- 4.31 join - Relational database operator....................... 554
- 4.32 kill - Terminate or signal processes...................... 559
- 4.33 ln - Link files........................................... 566
- 4.34 locale - Get locale-specific information.................. 570
- 4.35 localedef - Define locale environment..................... 577
- 4.36 logger - Log messages..................................... 583
- 4.37 logname - Return user's login name........................ 586
- 4.38 lp - Send files to a printer.............................. 589
- 4.39 ls - List directory contents.............................. 595
- 4.40 mailx - Process messages.................................. 605
- 4.41 mkdir - Make directories.................................. 610
- 4.42 mkfifo - Make FIFO special files.......................... 614
- 4.43 mv - Move files........................................... 617
- 4.44 nohup - Invoke a utility immune to hangups................ 623
- 4.45 od - Dump files in various formats........................ 627
- 4.46 paste - Merge corresponding or subsequent lines of
- files..................................................... 637
- 4.47 pathchk - Check pathnames................................. 642
- 4.48 pax - Portable archive interchange........................ 648
- 4.49 pr - Print files.......................................... 665
- 4.50 printf - Write formatted output........................... 672
- 4.51 pwd - Return working directory name....................... 679
- 4.52 read - Read a line from standard input.................... 682
- 4.53 rm - Remove directory entries............................. 686
- 4.54 rmdir - Remove directories................................ 692
- 4.55 sed - Stream editor....................................... 695
- 4.56 sh - Shell, the standard command language interpreter..... 706
- 4.57 sleep - Suspend execution for an interval................. 713
- 4.58 sort - Sort, merge, or sequence check text files.......... 716
- 4.59 stty - Set the options for a terminal..................... 725
- 4.60 tail - Copy the last part of a file....................... 736
- 4.61 tee - Duplicate standard input............................ 742
- 4.62 test - Evaluate expression................................ 745
- 4.63 touch - Change file access and modification times......... 756
- 4.64 tr - Translate characters................................. 762
- 4.65 true - Return true value.................................. 770
- 4.66 tty - Return user's terminal name......................... 772
- 4.67 umask - Get or set the file mode creation mask............ 775
- 4.68 uname - Return system name................................ 780
- 4.69 uniq - Report or filter out repeated lines in a file...... 784
- 4.70 wait - Await process completion........................... 790
- 4.71 wc - Word, line, and byte count........................... 795
- 4.72 xargs - Construct argument list(s) and invoke utility..... 799
- Section 5: User Portability Utilities Option....................... 807
- Section 6: Software Development Utilities Option................... 809
- 6.1 ar - Create and maintain library archives................. 809
- 6.2 make - Maintain, update, and regenerate groups of
- programs.................................................. 818
- 6.3 strip - Remove unnecessary information from executable
- files..................................................... 844
- Section 7: Language-Independent System Services.................... 847
- 7.1 Shell Command Interface................................... 848
- 7.2 Access Environment Variables.............................. 849
- 7.3 Regular Expression Matching............................... 849
- 7.4 Pattern Matching.......................................... 850
- 7.5 Command Option Parsing.................................... 850
- 7.6 Generate Pathnames Matching a Pattern..................... 850
- 7.7 Perform Word Expansions................................... 851
- 7.8 Get POSIX Configurable Variables.......................... 851
- 7.9 Locale Control............................................ 852
- Annex A (normative) C Language Development Utilities Option........ 855
- A.1 c89 - Compile Standard C programs......................... 856
- A.2 lex - Generate programs for lexical tasks................. 867
- A.3 yacc - Yet another compiler compiler...................... 884
- Annex B (normative) C Language Bindings Option..................... 907
- B.1 C Language Definitions.................................... 908
- B.1.1 POSIX Symbols...................................... 908
- B.1.2 Headers and Function Prototypes.................... 910
- B.1.3 Error Numbers...................................... 911
- B.2 C Numerical Limits........................................ 911
- B.2.1 C Macros for Symbolic Limits....................... 912
- B.2.2 Compile-Time Symbolic Constants for Portability
- Specifications..................................... 913
- B.2.3 Execution-Time Symbolic Constants for Portability
- Specifications..................................... 914
- B.2.4 POSIX.1 C Numerical Limits......................... 915
- B.3 C Binding for Shell Command Interface..................... 915
- B.3.1 C Binding for Execute Command...................... 916
- B.3.2 C Binding for Pipe Communications with Programs.... 919
- B.4 C Binding for Access Environment Variables................ 925
- B.5 C Binding for Regular Expression Matching................. 925
- B.6 C Binding for Match Filename or Pathname.................. 934
- B.7 C Binding for Command Option Parsing...................... 937
- B.8 C Binding for Generate Pathnames Matching a Pattern....... 942
- B.9 C Binding for Perform Word Expansions..................... 948
- B.10 C Binding for Get POSIX Configurable Variables............ 954
- B.11 C Binding for Locale Control.............................. 957
- Annex C (normative) FORTRAN Development and Runtime Utilities
- Options......................................................... 959
- C.1 asa - Interpret carriage-control characters............... 960
- C.2 fort77 - FORTRAN compiler................................. 964
- Annex D (informative) Bibliography................................. 973
- Annex E (informative) Rationale and Notes.......................... 977
- E.1 General................................................... 977
- E.2 Terminology and General Requirements...................... 978
- E.3 Shell Command Language.................................... 979
- E.4 Execution Environment Utilities........................... 980
- E.5 User Portability Utilities Option......................... 993
- E.6 Software Development Utilities Option..................... 993
- E.7 Language-Independent System Services...................... 994
- E.8 C Language Development Utilities Option................... 994
- E.9 C Language Bindings Option................................ 995
- E.10 FORTRAN Development and Runtime Utilities Options......... 996
- Annex F (informative) Sample National Profile...................... 997
- Annex G (informative) Balloting Instructions....................... 1091
- Identifier Index................................................... 1105
- Alphabetic Topical Index........................................... 1111
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